https://doi.org/10.71450/80329044
Published: 23/10/2023
Peer reviewed by two members of Breast Cancer UK independent Science Panel.
The normal growth and development of the human body is a critical and highly sensitive process. Despite humans continuously developing throughout life, there are certain periods of development which are more sensitive to adverse factors. These are known as critical windows of susceptibility and include development in utero (in the womb), the postnatal period, puberty, pregnancy and menopause. During these periods the mammary gland (breast) undergoes extensive development. Research suggests that exposure to harmful chemicals such as Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) during these critical periods may adversely affect normal development. In the case of in utero exposure, these effects may be programmed during early development but not manifest until adulthood. Limited research is available on how chemical exposure during these periods affects breast cancer risk. Yet some studies suggest that risk may be increased, likely due to the altered development of the mammary gland.
Palmer-Quinn K., Di Pasquale A., Wexler M., Moody H. Critical Windows of Susceptibility for Breast Development. Breast Cancer UK. 2023. https://doi.org/10.71450/80329044
Next update: 23/10/2026
