4 years ago
6 October, 2020
Following new WHO physical activity guidelines of 150-300 minutes of moderate or 75-150 minutes of vigorous physical activity every week, along with regular muscle-strengthening activity, is ideal for reducing your risk. You can easily achieve this if, for example, you take a brisk walk for between half an hour to an hour in the evening five times a week or go running for 25 minutes 3-6 times a week. There are a number of reasons why physical activity may help reduce breast cancer risk. One is that it can lower circulating hormone levels in the body (such as oestrogen, testosterone and insulin), which help reduce risk.
You will maintain your healthy weight if you don’t consume more calories than you burn. One approach to monitoring this is to write down what you eat every day for a week and record your weight. If you gain weight noticeably, say more than 2kg, then it may be time to eat less. You can calculate how many calories your body needs every day and then track them with an app.
If you are post-menopausal, maintaining the right weight for your height is a key part of ensuring you reduce your risk of breast cancer. Fat cells produce oestrogen, so extra fat cells mean more oestrogen in the body, and higher levels of oestrogen increase breast cancer risk and can encourage certain types of breast cancers to develop and grow.
The problem with processed food is its high-calorie count, as well as its high sugar, fat and salt content. Having a bit of chocolate once a day or even a pizza once a week won’t have a huge impact on your weight. But it can become a problem if you eat a lot of processed food regularly and throughout the day. You will be more likely to gain weight which is a significant risk factor for post-menopausal breast cancer.
Processed meats include bacon, sausages, hot dogs, canned meat and other cured meats like salami. If you want to have some meat, consider, for example, organic chicken, turkey or fish such as salmon, which are all good sources of protein. Larger supermarkets also have a range of meat substitutes. The association between processed meat and an increased risk of breast cancer is due to a combination of factors, such as high levels of saturated fat, cholesterol, N-nitroso compounds and haem iron, which may promote the development of breast cancer.
More fibre, please! Consider two simple generalisations:1) Plants have dietary fibre, animals don’t. 2) The more natural plant-based foods are, the more dietary fibre they usually have. Most dietary fibre is found in whole grains, legumes like beans or peas, fruit and vegetables, nuts and seeds like sunflower or flaxseed. Fibre may decrease breast cancer risk in several ways. For example, it may reduce circulating levels of oestrogen in our bodies. Oestrogen is a hormone that can encourage breast cancers to develop and grow.
Finding it hard to eat your five a day? Here are some simple tips: 1. Always serve vegetables as a side dish with a hot meal. If you’re pushed for time, frozen vegetables are also an option. 2. Add a starter to your lunch or dinner by including a small salad. 3. Raw vegetable sticks are a good snack in between meals – you can dunk them into a homemade dip (try healthy low-fat yoghurt with herbs and onions – yum). 4. Swap your chocolate bar or dessert after lunch with your favourite fruit.
Sounds a bit odd? It simply means eating plenty of red, yellow, orange and green leafy vegetables. They are a great source of carotenoids, which are known for their positive health benefits. Examples are tomatoes, carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkins but also spinach. Coloured fruits like apricots and mangoes are a great source of carotenoids too. Carotenoids are thought to have anti-cancer properties and can help prevent the development and spread of breast tumours.
Non-starchy vegetables contain smaller amounts of carbohydrates – for example, courgettes, mushrooms, tomatoes, broccoli, aubergine or spinach (see a list here). Eating non-starchy vegetables decreases the risk of oestrogen-receptor-negative breast cancer. Many non-starchy vegetables contain vitamins C and E, minerals, fibre and other bioactive compounds, which could help prevent cancer.
To get the maximum benefit from dairy products, opt for natural products with no added sugar, for example, organic natural yoghurt or cottage cheese. The World Cancer Research Fund recommends around 200g/day. A nice snack idea is a natural yoghurt with some berries and a bit of honey. Unsweetened calcium-fortified dairy alternatives like soya milk and soya yoghurts also count as part of this food group and can make good alternatives to dairy products. There is some evidence that dairy products, which contain high levels of calcium, might be beneficial in reducing the risk of pre-menopausal breast cancer. Probiotics (live microorganisms) and fermented products, such as miso, yoghurt and kimchi, may also be beneficial.
The bad news is: Drinking alcohol is a serious risk factor for breast cancer. The good news is: There are some great alcohol-free mocktail ideas out there but equally delicious. How about “Cheat’s ginger beer” or a Summer cup mocktail? Pay attention, though. Mocktails can be calorie bombs. Try to avoid cream and syrups to save calories and sugar. If you really feel like having that glass of wine, then have it, but make your second drink a non-alcoholic one.
Unfortunately, drinking any amount of alcohol increases breast cancer risk. The higher the intake, the greater the risk. Several reasons may help explain this; for example, alcohol breakdown products can damage DNA which increases the risk of cancer, and alcohol increases levels of circulating oestrogen, which can increase breast cancer risk.
Although there is no ideal diet for breast cancer prevention, the Mediterranean diet is one to consider adopting. It is known for being high in olive oil, vegetables, fruit, plant protein, fish and other seafood, whole grains, nuts, and low-fat dairy, accompanied by moderate alcohol intake and low red meat consumption. It can serve as a guide, is easy to stick to, is healthy, and contains many of the foods that are linked to a decreased breast cancer risk.
So how about for dinner tonight having some yummy “Pasta con verdure” (Pasta with vegetables) and fruit salad as a dessert?
As well as being a healthy, well-balanced diet, there is evidence that following a Mediterranean diet improves your chances of survival following a breast cancer diagnosis.
Organic foods contain fewer pesticides, and studies have shown that switching to an organic diet can reduce the levels of pesticides in your body. Many pesticides are known or suspected endocrine disrupting chemicals, and some are suspected carcinogens. Long-term exposure to certain pesticides may increase your breast cancer risk. Organic produce can be costlier, but here are a few ways to keep the price down.: 1. Buy seasonal produce. Organic produce can cost a lot less if you buy it at the right time. For example, organic strawberries in the summer are cheaper than in winter. 2. Buy from your local farmers’ market. 3. Grow your own organic food in your garden or on a sunny windowsill.
Our body creates vitamin D from direct sunlight on our skin when we’re outdoors. Those with breast cancer often have low levels of vitamin D. We don’t know if this is a cause or consequence. Either way, it’s important to get sufficient vitamin D to maintain good health. But don’t stay in the sun unprotected for too long, as it’s important to avoid sunburn. Check out our website for more information on vitamin D and advice on the use of sunscreens.
Food packaging may contain EDCs such as phthalates, PFAS or even bisphenols, which may increase breast cancer risk. If you can’t avoid it, try choosing paper and cardboard over plastic packaging; remove the packaging and store food in glass or ceramic containers.
Avoid single-use plastics where possible. For example, purchase a stainless-steel reusable water bottle and use your own reusable bags when grocery shopping. Select loose, unpackaged fruit and vegetables, and avoid putting produce in plastic bags – use cloth bags instead. Reuse free containers and bags; use beeswax wrappers instead of plastic film. Store food in glassware with silicone lids or porcelain containers, and avoid using plastic cutlery, cups and plates. Single-use plastics may contain toxic chemicals or EDCs such as phthalates which may increase breast cancer risk. By staying away from single-use plastics you will also contribute to a better environment.
Per- and poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are used widely in everyday products, including non-stick cookware and food packaging, as well as furniture, cosmetics and clothing. Several PFAS (e.g. PFOA and PFOS) have been linked to serious health concerns, including breast cancer. If you buy non-stick cookware look for PFAS-free labels, e.g. PFOA-free, or choose ceramic cookware. This table can also help as a guide to brands, products and retailers that are PFAS-free.
Avoid plastics made from recycling codes 3, 6 and 7, as these plastics are difficult to recycle and may contain toxic chemicals or EDCs such as phthalates or bisphenols. Recycling code 1 plastics (PET) are generally considered safe for single use only. Follow this link to see how the recycling code works.
In the UK, cosmetics ingredients must be listed and often, the lists are very long! Try to buy cosmetics and personal care products that contain fewer ingredients and try to avoid those that contain potentially harmful EDCs such as parabens, UV filters, triclosan and phthalates. For a full list of ingredients we recommend you should avoid, see here.
Which can leach onto our hands, then transfer to our bloodstream and increase breast cancer risk. If you do need a receipt (e.g., receipts, tickets, or bank statements), don’t handle it more than necessary, as bisphenols easily come off the paper.
Although they leave our home smelling nice, many scented candles and air fresheners contain phthalates or synthetic musks (e.g. galaxolide, musk ketone) as fragrances. These are oestrogenic EDCs which may increase breast cancer risk. How about making your own air fresheners??
Fragranced products may contain phthalates, such as diethyl phthalate or synthetic musks, such as galaxolide. Some of these are oestrogenic and may increase breast cancer risk. Making your own cleaning products is a great way to reduce plastic pollution and avoid harmful chemicals in your home. Check out these DIY cleaning products here.
Such as triclosan or triclocarban. These may be found in chopping boards or clothes. They are often described as being anti-bacterial or anti-microbial. Triclosan and triclocarban are oestrogenic EDCs which may increase breast cancer risk. Their use in everyday products has no health benefit and increases antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations – meaning bacterial infections are harder to treat.
There is a modest increase in breast cancer risk for women who smoke, with more significant effects seen in pre-menopausal women and those who started smoking young. Tobacco smoke contains numerous carcinogens, several of which are known to cause breast cancer. Smoking also increases the risk of at least 15 other types of cancer. Check out the 10 self-help tips to stop smoking.
If you can. The longer, the better. There is considerable evidence to show breastfeeding reduces the risk of breast cancer. Breastfeeding isn’t easy for everyone but the NHS guide on Breastfeeding is a good place to start.
Keeping up regular, daily exercise during the global pandemic and throughout our lifetime can play an important role in helping to maintain a healthy immune system. This, in turn, will help prevent cancers, including breast cancer.
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Tip 7: Eat the traffic lights!
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